9.- Water Supply Technologies in emergencies - COMPENDIUM.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/onsite-electro-chlorination

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Onsite Electro-Chlorination (electrolytic generation of sodium hypochlorite) produces chlorine for disinfection through the electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride (common salt, or NaCl). It can be produced in batch mode, converting a salt solution into sodium hypochlorite with a concentration of 6–12 g/L either in one buffer tank or in a flow-through system that continuously produces hypochlorite.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/chlorination

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Chlorination is a final drinking water treatment step, as it inactivates pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. It is also used for other purposes such as disinfecting infrastructure (e.g. wells, pipes or boreholes) and equipment (e.g. in cholera treatment centres, X.14). It is used in all phases of an emergency.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/assisted-sedimentation-with-filtration

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Assisted Sedimentation with Filtration is a pre-treatment step used to remove suspended solids from water with varying levels of turbidity (or ‘muddiness’) to prepare it for a final disinfection step, such as Chlorination T.6 . It can be used in all phases of an emergency.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/assisted-sedimentation

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Sedimentation is a pre-treatment step used to remove suspended solids from water with varying levels of turbidity (or ‘muddiness’) and may involve the addition of chemicals to accelerate the process. It can be used prior to a final treatment step, such as Microfiltration T.3 , Chlorination T.6 or Nanofiltration/Reverse Osmosis T.15 . Sedimentation can be used in all phases of an emergency.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/microfiltration-mf

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Microfiltration (MF) membranes provide excellent filtration with low final water turbidity (typically less than 0.1 NTU) and high removal levels for pathogenic protozoan cysts/oocysts, Giardia and Cryptosporidium and bacteria. As a final treatment step, Chlorination T.6 or Ultrafiltration T.10 as well as Nanofiltration/Reverse Osmosis T.15 can be used. MF is applicable in all emergency phases and at different scales (see H.4 for household scale).

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/rapid-sand-filtration

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Rapid Sand Filters use coarse sand as a filtration medium to remove fine suspended solids from water with varying levels of turbidity (or ‘muddiness’). It is a pre- treatment step prior to a final disinfection process, such as Chlorination T.6 , and can be used in all phases of an emergency.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/roughing-filtration

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A Roughing Filter is used to remove suspended solids from very turbid (or muddy) water using differently sized filtration media ranging from coarse to fine gravel. It is a pre-treatment step prior to a final disinfection process, such as Chlorination T.6 , Slow Sand Filtration T.9 or Ultrafiltration T.10 . It can be used in the stabilisation and recovery phases of an emergency.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/pumping-station

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A Pumping Station is an entire system dedicated to pumping water and a wide range of other liquids. Clean water Pumping Stations range in size from small, prefabricated or skid-mounted systems capable of providing water to a few households to large, municipal- or industrial-scale permanent installations that are up to several hundred kilowatt in size and that require detailed design by engineers followed by complex construction. Smaller systems exist that can be quickly deployed in all phases of an emergency, whereas large Pumping Stations tend to be part of a well-functioning municipal water supply system, and as such, will not be used in an emergency unless in the case of the rehabilitation of an existing plant.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/axial-flow-pump

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An Axial Flow Pump is a large diesel or electric motor-driven pump capable of moving large volumes of water at relatively low heads. The most common uses for Axial Flow Pumps are for clearing water from flooded areas, lifting large amounts of flow within a treatment plant or water system, or for agricultural purposes, but they tend not to be used in the acute phase of an emergency.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/radial-flow-pump

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A Radial Flow Pump (also known as a centrifugal pump) is a velocity pump where a rotating impeller displaces varying amounts of water per rotation depending on the speed of rotation, which throws water outwards at right angles to the shaft. The pump is useful for all phases of an emergency.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/rope-pump

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A Rope Pump (also known as a rope and washer pump) is a positive displacement pump that displaces a fixed amount of water per cycle. Water is lifted directly using the continuous movement of a flywheel moving in one direction (rather than in a reciprocating manner). Components below ground are mostly made from plastic, making them corrosion resistant and easier to maintain. These pumps are usually not suited to the acute response phase, and are more for long-term water supply in rural areas, where they are good for upgrading open wells and disused boreholes to improve access and water quality.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/diaphragm-pump

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A Diaphragm Pump is a positive displacement pump that displaces a fixed amount of water per cycle. Diaphragm Pumps use a flexible diaphragm to force fluid through the pump and are mainly applicable in the recovery phase.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/deep-well-progressive-cavity-pump

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A Deep Well Progressive Cavity Pump is a positive displacement pump that displaces a fixed amount of water per cycle. Water is lifted from depths of up to 300 metres using a helical rotor rather than a reciprocating piston. These pumps are useful for all phases of an emergency.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/deep-well-piston-pump

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A Deep Well Piston Pump is a positive displacement pump that displaces a fixed amount of water per cycle. Water is lifted from depths of up to 90 metres with the aid of additional levers or gears. The pump is rarely suitable in the acute phase of an emergency and is instead better for long-term water supply in rural areas with low population densities.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/direct-action-pump

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A Direct Action Pump is a positive displacement pump that displaces a fixed amount of water per cycle. Water is lifted or displaced directly by the user without additional levers or bearings. The pump is mostly unsuitable for emergencies and should be reserved for long-term water supply in rural areas.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/piston-plunger-suction-pump

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A Piston-Plunger Suction Pump is a positive displacement pump that displaces a fixed amount of water per cycle. All working parts are usually above ground. This type of pump can be quite common in some areas, and can be rehabilitated in emergencies to bring them back into use, though it tends to not be suitable in acute emergencies where infrastructure must be built. It is instead more suitable for long-term water supply in rural areas (or for irrigation purposes). Non-suction Deep Well Piston Pumps are described in A.4 .

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/hydraulic-ram-impulse-pump

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Hydraulic Ram or Impulse Pumps convert the difference in elevation between the feed pipe intake (e.g. from a nearby river or flow from an elevated reservoir) and the pump itself into kinetic energy that moves water through the delivery pipe. Impulse Pumps require little to no energy input other than a flowing water source and can reliably provide pressurised water from that existing source (including spring water). This technology is mainly applicable during the stabilisation and recovery phases of an emergency.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/seawater-intake

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Seawater Intakes are used for desalination plants and non-drinking purposes, such as swimming pools or cooling. They are therefore usually not considered for emergencies unless the work is to restore damaged existing intakes for desalination plants to restore drinking water supplies.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/protected-borehole

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A Protected Borehole is a small diameter drilled hole that is lined and covered, with water withdrawn using a pump. Existing boreholes can be equipped quickly to provide water in the acute response phase, but new boreholes, with the exception of jetted wells, are normally reserved for the stabilisation phase, as they can take several months to organise and complete.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/protected-dug-well

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A Protected Dug Well is a large-diameter structure dug by hand that is lined and covered and allows for water abstraction using a pump. New wells are not normally considered in the acute response phase, but any existing wells can be rehabilitated quickly to provide water.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/riverbank-filtration

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Riverbank Filtration is a water withdrawal method in which water is pumped from the ground via the banks of a river (or other surface water body). The water abstracted is thus surface water that has received a preliminary treatment by passing a short distance through sediments and soil to where it is abstracted. Riverbank Filtration can be very useful both in the acute response phase where certain types of wells (e.g. jetted wells) can be installed quickly, as well as in the recovery and stabilisation phases.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/groundwater-dam

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A Groundwater Dam is a structure that slows or stops the flow of shallow groundwater, most often in seasonal riverbeds, increasing the availability of shallow groundwater upstream of the structure. The technology is not suitable for the acute or stabilisation phases of emergencies, and is more suited to long-term drought mitigation.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/protected-spring-intake

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A Protected Spring Intake is designed to collect, store and transport spring water while preventing source contamination. If springs are available, the technology is suitable for all response phases.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/river-and-lake-water-intake

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River and Lake Water Intakes are used in surface water bodies to abstract raw water that is pumped to a water treatment facility. In acute emergencies, unless these structures are already permanently installed, they tend to be simple temporary floating intakes. For longer-term use, more permanent structures might be considered.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/rainwater-harvesting-ground-surface-collection

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A Rainwater Ground Surface Collection system uses the ground to channel runoff water to a storage area. Although rarely done in practice during the acute response phase, any natural or artificial ground surfaces that already exist (and certain types of rapidly installed artificial surfaces such as plastic sheeting) could be useful during the rainy season. Overall, this type of rainwater catchment tends to be more suited to long-term drought mitigation or groundwater recharge.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/rainwater-harvesting-raised-surface-collection

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A Rainwater Raised Surface Collection system uses a raised surface to channel runoff water to a storage tank that is either under or above ground. It can provide convenient access to water in an emergency when alternative sources are scarce, emergency water supply systems are not yet in place, populations are scattered and/or to mitigate seasonal water shortages.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/diesel-and-gasoline-powered-energy-system

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Diesel-Powered Energy Systems use diesel engines directly on site to generate the energy needed to power water pumping, transport or treatment. This energy source is more suited to acute emergencies when grid power might not be immediately available, but it is less suitable in the long term due to the mounting environmental and financial costs.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/electric-powered-energy-system

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Electric-Powered Energy Systems use electricity from a grid to power water pumping, transport or treatment. It is an energy source suited for all phases of an emergency, but it may not always be available (e.g. in the acute phase after a natural disaster).

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/solar-powered-energy-system

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Solar electrical energy is produced when photovoltaic (PV) cells convert solar energy to electricity, which usually then powers a submersible or surface pump to abstract raw water. Solar-Powered pumping systems (SPPS) should be combined with an elevated water storage tank (or if unavoidable, with batteries) to store energy, ensuring a continued water supply on cloudy days and at night.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/wind-powered-energy-system

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Wind-Powered Energy Systems use wind energy either directly (e.g. to mechanically move a pumping mechanism) or indirectly (e.g. to create electricity that can be used or stored). If it is not already present, this system is not well suited to the acute response phase, though may be a suitable option for more sustainable power in the longer term.